The Urban_Anthropology Part1and2____by__Souhail__Arfaoui

Without entering into quarrels, we believe that there is a way to know in this case the sociological knowledge that would refer to a different and specific area of ​​social reality such as economics, work, culture, religion and urban, which specializes in the particular field of the real, thus it becomes legitimate to conceive an urban sociology in the same way as other specialized sociologies as the application of the theoretical-technical corpus of sociology to a well-defined field. The epistemological legitimacy of sociological science can be based on the consideration of urban space as an object of analysis. Urban sociology finds its legitimacy in the relationship between space and society, in fact it is on this space that human action is exercised, this space receives a particular configuration corresponding to the technical and social mastery of which it is indissociable necessary to identify the type of articulation between space culture and social culture.
Urban sociology is a branch of sociology and tends to understand the relationships of interaction and transformation that exists between forms of urban planning. The knowledge of the reality of interaction between morphology and urban morphology helps to promote social life in cities on the other hand, to better design new urban ensembles such research is comprehensive and pragmatic otherwise also called empirical surveys that the differences between the two kinds of sociology is not a question of method but a question of the practical aim of the recipient.
Some allow intervening by the organization of all scales of renovation, transformation, decoration, animation ... The other studies aim to intervene by individual administrative measures (subsidy, assistance, education, information...).

Social Morphology: The studies of Robert Park and the sociologists of the Chicago School are parts of the observation, aggregate of uprooted people who fail to integrate. It is, in fact, a thought of early studies in sociology, a thought as a branch of ecology. Life is a natural place where human activities are studied as rational behaviors with the utilitarian ends imposed by the contingency of survival. The method consists of neutralizing society and envisioning it as a system of struggle, rivalry and interaction between individuals within informal groups. Well-conducted urban studies focus on the analysis of social forms, the distribution of social classes, and social forms as well as ethnicities within spaces, giving special importance to customs and habits to the cultural fact.
Urban Morphology: the morphological study at all scales from the forms of dwellings and more generally furniture (House, large housing complex, high school, theater ...) to a complete form of cities, with articulation of places, rivers, monuments. The paradoxical word urbanization (a growing population of city to city) that makes the city proximity, diversity, security, and interconnectedness, is a consequence of the evolution of the general urban morphology. Indeed the ease of transport, social communication causes one of the aggregations of buildings, the erasure of forms genetically.
The debate of the urban question of the 60s and 70s deals with the respective weights of urbanization and the industrialization of the city, the formation of the society attaches a paramount importance to the functional urbanism to the organization of the space that one makes prevail against the vocation of the city which is to deliberate forces, to allow the creative conjunctions. Urban struggles are valued as much as they allow to model and appear to be implemented against repression by urban planning. Either it is thought that functional urbanism is only a secondary instrument in the maintenance of the productive order of capitalism; the struggles against what is repressive are valid only in the general context of the class struggle. The quality of a struggle will not be measured by the nature of the goal it aims for, but rather by the class nature of this struggle with the social identity of what drives it.

The general problem is not the power of cohesion but the mechanisms of exploitation understood as a requirement of a quality of life in the city. The classic urban question thus feeds the debates and research of the city until the end of the 1970s when it examines the central question that it occupied the intellectual beginning from the beginning of the social question and the research on the perils threatened by the welfare state. The first reasons for this displacement of the questioning of the urban arisen within the city with the appearance of urban riots. The urban struggles held their pride of their transclassism and gathering of the working classes and middle classes.

Urban riots seemed to be the opposite of this group of social class mobilizing a population that could be called infraclassist because it includes elements that are not part of the class. The urban struggles have made the associative formula a way of being a superiorly democratic group compared to the parties very concerned with ideological adherence, the urban riot is back to a form of infra-party organization that impels the movement, no ideology to federate it.

The city is composed of several fields of studies and anthropology lies in an approach that studies the society more or less traditional and more or less urbanized which is automatically linked to modernity or post modernity.

The urban anthropology that's why his name is not quite. Proper exercise will be in the city rather than the city. But the concept of limited space observation frequently remains important.
Urban anthropology is an embarrassing subject both too large to capture a whole with finesse culture that assumes the ethnographic approach. For the researcher in urban anthropology, he has two references to explore the city from an anthropological point of view: first Francophone research and also other research, especially as American anthropology has great influence on urban anthropology, given the influence played by the School of Chicago. The study of the city includes the study of the social body that composes and sources of urban anthropology that are older are not just American and parallel even if the objects of research are deferential one can always find anthropologists met urban through work on the ground .
The work of the urban anthropologist often take place around issues such as migration and human development and other urban phenomena as social communities in the city. However, we notice a difference in recent research Where we see a sort of convergence between what is anthropology, and what is sociology, especially as regards the study of the city as a social phenomenon , for the sociologist the field of observation consists of population units and individuals while the anthropologist is interested in relations systems for interactions and interdependencies which made ​​the urban context and importance of culture and social structure which are already well advanced are considered by him.
Urban anthropologist can more easily and quickly connect the area it observes its context, so for urban anthropologist he must have an accuracy of familiarities of dealings with the environment that we want to observe. Urban anthropologist can get the classic anthropological areas to breed again , for example the field of kinship that is linked to the social network this network, which is among other social networks that affect a large number of poles interests, who should know the great political and social options and overall economic dynamics in progress , we need urban anthropologist place and qualify urban phenomena to observe how urban factors may play a key role in the study an urban anthropological phenomenon.

Urban anthropologist must well master the techniques of urban research field mainly direct observation, more or less participant and also there has to get help with research and ethnographic reports. These two tools are needed and also practicable in the urban field. We must see that participant observation does not have access to all the urban field he must so limited and precise. For this to affect the representativeness of urban subject and its relevance macrosociological. Reproducibility, consistency and verifiability are qualities that scientific vocabulary oppose the anthropological methods Anthropologist seeking sources "inferior", "primitive" of our complex civilization and "superior". This shows that the need to explore the city is still present. The work of urban anthropologist must be seen as protean, adapting constantly to new contexts by changing the established procedures, drawing on the field situation to make new analytical tools. The city for urban anthropologist is a social laboratory in which the city become a research subject because it can be considered a social laboratory.
Urban anthropologist can study and analyze the city from several dimensions, it can treat the city as a contradiction system, also as a crossroads of ethnic solidarity, the anthropologist may proceed by actors on the ground, through collaboration professional research data Or by reports given by informants. Anthropologist rather refers to restricted and focused media, it relies on observation and material collected from qualified informant on maintenance base anthropologist in general, he tries Treaty faith city as a global space of social media and urban culture in their abundance, it can process the city from: home and kinship, supply, recreation, neighborhood and traffic ... And urban anthropologist must have a deep knowledge of the mechanisms and field research tools Until it becomes easy for him to enter a company through an anthropological study. Besides the need to master the research tools mainly qualitative techniques and particularly participant observation to the proper approach urban space through deferent nails. It is obvious that the urban anthropology researcher emphasizes the relevance of its own object and ca it's supposed to start his search by the mastery of qualitative techniques that can help in its search, the wealth of the city as object research itself sociologically or anthropologically anthropologist gives the raw material for his studies and to develop questions around town and the interaction modes that appears between the group and the community. All these are the anthropologist a return to explore the city.

For the anthropologist Urban lends place amidst the practice of direct observation, for him the city is not a closed environment, the anthropological studies can begin with the different neighborhoods and respectful communities. the city is an environment of individuals who share the same space by participating in a socio cultural renewal, political, religious and economic group or groups that blend to create consistency in the geo-economic sectors and in the urban anthropologist Ulf   Hannrez will tend to consider not only a city but also a neighborhood, a community in which all can be studied. The urban anthropologist analysis is a preliminary tabulation in general as it tries to reconnect with the man in his environment through data aimed anthropological study of an environment well determined by an accurate population. that an urban environment consists of a variety of a group of individuals that researchers are split is more in the presence of an enclosed environment with which identities are changing and plural but one is in a medium relative and flexible which makes urban anthropological study related to comparative studies, to changing behaviors and the relationship of man to space in its psychological dimension but above all sociological, is the key element to the anthropological understanding to determine mechanisms of regulation stand in societies.

Written By :Souhail Arfaoui 

 1- When Robert Park writes "The City (1915). Qualitative scientometry test by Pierre Lannoy, Catholic University of Louvain (Belgium)

2-Ulf Hannerz, Explore the city. Elements of urban anthropology, translation and presentation by Isaac Joseph Year 1984 p. 737